• Law and religion in different cultural traditions
  • Humanitarian rules in a community not yet made up of States
  • The regulation of armed conflicts within and between medieval empires by “national”, “international” and natural law
  • Pre-colonial African customary law
  • Islamic rules of warfare: international, national or religious rules
  • Grotius, Vitoria, Suarez, de Vattel and the concept of just war
  • Vitoria and de las Casas and the conquest of the New World
  • IHL in modern international law
    • The concept of international armed conflict after the Peace of Westphalia
    • IHL and the absolutist State
    • IHL in the revolutionary wars
    • IHL as part of nineteenth-century European public la
      • The European origin of modern IHL
      • Hegemony and equality of States
      • IHL applicable to interventions
    • IHL applicable in wars with non-European States and peoples
    • IHL applicable in colonial wars
    • The historical development of IHL as an indicator for the changing structure of contemporary international law
      • Codification
      • Universalization
      • Origins and gradual fading of the distinction between international armed conflicts and non-international armed conflicts
    • See

    • Multilateralization
    • Growing importance of non-State actors
      • Individuals
      • Peoples
      • Insurgents
    • Institutionalization
    • The UN Charter as the constitution of the international community
    • IHL in the post-Cold War world
      • Tendency to blur the distinction between jus ad bellum and jus in bello
      • Tendency for the distinction between international and non-international armed conflicts to fade
    • See

    • International law after 11 September 2001: a hegemonic international law?
    • See