Peace operations

“Peace Support Operations” (PSOs) encompass all multi-functional operations, conducted impartially, normally by States or by international or regional organizations, such as the United Nations (UN), the European Union (EU), the African Union (AU), or the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), involving military forces and diplomatic and humanitarian agencies, and are designed to achieve a long-term political settlement or other specified objective.
 
See also United Nations; International Administration

 OUTLINE

 LEGAL SOURCE

 DOCUMENT

 CASES

 BIBLIOGRAPHIC RESOURCES

Suggested Readings:
 
CHO Sihyun, “International Humanitarian Law and United Nations Operations in an Internal Armed Conflict”, in Korean Journal of International and Comparative Law, Vol. 26, 1998, pp. 85-111.
 
DAILLIER Patrick, “Les opérations multinationales consécutives à des conflits armés en vue du rétablissement de la paix”, in Recueil des cours [de l’] Académie de droit international, T. 314, 2005 pp. 424-431
 
EMANUELLI Claude (ed.), Les casques bleus : policiers ou combattants?, Montréal, Wilson & Lafleur, 1997, 130 pp.
 
EMANUELLI Claude, Les actions militaires de l’ONU et le droit international humanitaire, Montréal, Wilson & Lafleur Itée, 1995, 112 pp.
 
GREENWOOD Christopher, “International Humanitarian Law and United Nations Military Operations”, in YIHL, Vol. 1, 1998, pp. 3-34.
 
International Institute of Humanitarian Law, International Peace Operations and International Humanitarian Law: Contributions Presented at the Seminar on International Peace Operations and International Humanitarian Law, Rome, 27 March 2008, Sanremo, International Institute of Humanitarian Law, 2008, 120 pp.
 
International Institute of Humanitarian Law, International Humanitarian Law, Human Rights and Peace Operations: 31st Round Table on Current Problems of International Humanitarian Law, Sanremo, 4-6 September 2008, Sanremo,
International Institute of Humanitarian Law, 2009, 352 pp.
 
KOLB Robert, Droit humanitaire et opérations de paix internationales: les modalités d’application du droit international humanitaire dans les opérations de maintien ou de rétablissement de la paix auxquelles concourt une organisation internationale (en particulier les Nations Unies), Geneva, Helbing & Lichtenhahn; Brussels, Bruylant, 2006, 136 pp.
 
MURPHY Ray, “United Nations Military Operations and International Humanitarian Law: What Rules Apply to
Peacekeepers?”, in Criminal Law Forum, Vol. 14, 2003, pp. 153-194.
 
NAERT Frederik, “Detention in Peace Operations: the Legal Framework and Main Categories of Detainees”, in Revue de droit militaire et de droit de la guerre, Vol. 1-2, No. 45, 2006, pp. 51-78
 
OSWALD Bruce, “The Law on Military Occupation: Answering the Challenges of Detention During Contemporary Peace Operations?”, in MelbourneJournal of International Law, Vol. 8, No. 2, 2007, 16 pp.
 
PETIT Yves, Droit international du maintien de la paix, Paris, LGDJ, 2000, 216 pp.
 
SAURA Jaume, “Lawful Peacekeeping: Applicability of International Humanitarian Law to United Nations Peacekeeping Operations”, in Hastings Law Journal 58, February 2007, pp. 479-531.
 
SHRAGA Daphna, “The United Nations as an Actor Bound by International Humanitarian Law”, in International Peacekeeping, Vol. 5/2, 1998, pp. 64-81.
 
SHRAGA Daphna, “The United Nations as an Actor Bound by International Humanitarian Law”, in CONDORELLI Luigi, LA ROSA Anne-Marie & SCHERRER Sylvie (eds), The United Nations and International Humanitarian Law: Actes du Colloque International, À l’occasion du cinquantième anniversaire de l’ONU (Genève – 19, 20 et 21 octobre 1995), Paris, Pedone, 1996, pp. 64-81.
 
WILLS Siobhan, “Occupational Law and Multi-National Operations: Problems and Perspectives”, in BYIL, 2007, pp. 256-332.
 
WILLS Siobhán, “Protecting Civilians: The Obligation of Peacekeepers”, Oxford, OUP, 2009, 296 pp.
 
ZWANENBURG Martin, “Pieces of the Puzzle: Peace Operations, Occupation and the Use of Force”, in The Military Law and the Law of War Review, Vol. 1-2, No. 45, 2006, pp. 239-248
 
Further readings:
 
ARSANJANI Mahnoush H., “Defending the Blue Helmets: Protection of United Nations Personnel” in CONDORELLI Luigi, LA ROSA Anne-Marie & SCHERRER Sylvie (eds), The United Nations and International Humanitarian Law: Actes du Colloque International, À l’occasion du cinquantième anniversaire de l’ONU (Genève – 19, 20 et 21 octobre 1995), Paris, Pedone, 1996, pp. 115-148.
 
BANGURA Mohamed A., “Prosecuting the Crime of Attack on Peacekeepers: a Prosecutor’s Challenge”, in Leiden Journal of International Law, Vol. 23, No. 1, 2010, pp. 165-181.
 
BENVENUTI Paolo, “Le respect du droit international humanitaire par les forces des Nations Unies : la circulaire du Secrétaire général”, in RGDIP, Vol. 105/2, 2001, pp. 355-372.
 
BENVENUTI Paolo, “The Implementation of International Humanitarian Law in the Framework of United Nations Peace-Keeping”, in Law in Humanitarian Crises: How Can International Humanitarian Law Be Made Effective in Armed Conflicts?, Luxembourg, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1995, pp. 13-82.
 
BIALKE Joseph P., “United Nations Peace Operations: Applicable Norms and Application of the Law of Armed Conflict”, in The Air Force Law Review, Vol. 50, 2001, pp. 1-63.
 
BOUVIER Antoine, “‘Convention on the Safety of United Nations and Associated Personnel’: Presentation and Analysis”, in IRRC, No. 309, November-December 1995, pp. 638-666.
 
BOUSTANY Katia, “Brocklebank: A Questionable Decision of the Court Martial Appeal Court of Canada”, in YIHL, Vol. 1, 1998, pp. 371-374.
 
CORN Geoffrey S., “Multi-National Operations, Unity of Effort and the Law of Armed Conflict”, HPCR Working Paper Series, May 2009, 29 pp.
 
FLECK Dieter, “Law Enforcement and the Conduct of Hostilities: Two Supplementing or Mutually Excluding Legal Paradigms?”, in Frieden in Freiheit = Peace in Liberty = Paix en liberté : Festschrift für Michael Bothe zum 70 Geburtstag, Baden-Baden, Nomos; Zürich, Dike, 2008, pp. 391-407.
 
HOFFMAN Michael H., “Peace-Enforcement Actions and Humanitarian Law: Emerging Rules for ‘Interventional Armed Conflict’”, in IRRC, No. 837, March 2000, pp. 193-204.
 
LUPI Natalia, “Report by the Enquiry Commission on the Behaviour of Italian Peace-Keeping Troops in Somalia”, in YIHL, Vol. 1, 1998, pp. 375-379.
 
MENDIS Chinthaka & JAYAWARDENA Hemamal (eds), Application of International Humanitarian Law to United Nations Forces, Newton (MA, USA), Zeilan Press, April 2007, 93 pp.
 
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark, “The Copenhagen Process on the Handling of Detainees in International Military Operations”, in Revue de droit militaire et de droit de la guerre, Vol. 3-4, No. 46, 2007, pp. 363-392.
 
OKIMOTO Keiichiro, “Violations of International Humanitarian Law by United Nations Forces and their Legal Consequences”, in YIHL, Vol. 6 (2003), 2006, pp. 199-236.
 
PALWANKAR Umesh, “Applicability of International Humanitarian Law to United Nations Peace-Keeping Forces”, in IRRC, No. 294, May-June 1993, pp. 227-240.
 
PALWANKAR Umesh (ed.), Symposium on Humanitarian Action and Peace-Keeping Operations, Geneva, ICRC, 1994, 107 pp.
 
RYNIKER Anne, “Respect du droit international humanitaire par les forces des Nations Unies : quelques commentaires à propos de la circulaire du Secrétaire général des Nations Unies du 6 août 1999”, in IRRC, No. 836, December 1999, pp. 795-817.
 
SCHINDLER Dietrich, “U.N. Forces and International Humanitarian law”, in Studies and Essays on International Humanitarian Law and Red Cross Principles in Honour of Jean Pictet, Geneva, ICRC, The Hague, M. Nijhoff, 1984, pp. 521-530.
 
SIEKMANN Robert C.R., “The Fall of Srebrenica and the Attitude of Dutchbat from an International Legal Perspective”, in YIHL, Vol. 1, 1998, pp. 301-312.
 
URBINA Julio Jorge, Protección de la víctimas de los conflictos armados, Naciones Unidas y derecho internacional humanitario: desarrollo y aplicación del principio de distinción entre objetivos militares y bienes de carácter civil, Valencia, Tirant Monografías, 2000, 439 pp.
 
WECKEL Philippe, “Respect du droit international humanitaire par les forces des Nations Unies. Circulaire du
Secrétaire général du 6 août 1999”, in RGDIP, Vol. 103/4, 1999, pp. 973-978.
 
YOUNG Robert M., “IHL and Peace Operations: Sharing Canada’s Lessons Learned from Somalia”, in YIHL, Vol. 1, 1998, pp. 362-370.
 
WILLS Siobhán, “Occupational Law and Multi-National Operations: Problems and Perspectives”, in BYIL, 2007, pp. 256-332.
 
ZWANENBURG Martin, Accountability of Peace Support Operations, Leiden, Boston, M. Nijhoff, 2005, 363 pp.

ZWANENBURG Martin, “Pieces of the Puzzle: Peace Operations, Occupation and the Use of Force”, in The Military Law and the Law of War Review, Vol. 1-2, No. 45, 2006, pp. 239-248.