Any use of the emblems not expressly authorized by IHL, which limits the use of the emblem to certain entities and/or persons.
Under Art. 85 (3) (f) of Protocol I, the perfidious use of the emblems constitutes a grave breach of the Protocol.
See Emblems; Grave breaches; Violation;
OUTLINE
LEGAL SOURCEs
indicative use of Red Cross emblem
GCI, 53 (see ICRC updated Commentary)
protective use of Red Cross emblem
GCI, 42 & 44 (see ICRC updated Commentary)
GCII, 44 & 45 (see ICRC updated Commentary)
DOCUMENT
CASES
United States, Use of medical helicopter to target protesters
United Kingdom, Labour Party Campaign - Misuse of the Emblem
BIBLIOGRAPHIC RESOURCES
MEYER Michael, “Protecting the Emblems in Peacetime: The Experiences of the British Red Cross”, in IRRC, No. 272, September-October 1989, pp. 459-464.
SLIM Habib, “Protection of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Emblems and the Repression of Misuse”, in IRRC, No. 272, September-October 1989, pp. 420-437
SLIM Habib, “Protection of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Emblems and the Repression of Misuse”, in IRRC, No. 272, September-October 1989, pp. 420-437