Any use of the emblems not expressly authorized by IHL, which limits the use of the emblem to certain entities and/or persons.

Under Art. 85 (3) (f) of Protocol I, the perfidious use of the emblems constitutes a grave breach of the Protocol.

See Emblems; Grave breaches; Violation;

OUTLINE

Chapter 7, VI. 5. Repression of abuse and misuse

LEGAL SOURCEs

indicative use of Red Cross emblem

GCI, 53 (see ICRC updated Commentary)

protective use of Red Cross emblem

HR, 23/f

GCI, 42 & 44 (see ICRC updated Commentary)

GCII, 44 & 45 (see ICRC updated Commentary)

PI, 18/8, 37/1, 38, 85/3

 DOCUMENT

ICRC, Model Law Concerning the Emblem (Arts 10-12)

 CASES

United States, Use of medical helicopter to target protesters

United Kingdom, Labour Party Campaign - Misuse of the Emblem

United Kingdom, Misuse of the Emblem

Colombia, Misuse of the Emblem

 BIBLIOGRAPHIC RESOURCES

MEYER Michael, “Protecting the Emblems in Peacetime: The Experiences of the British Red Cross”, in IRRC, No. 272, September-October 1989, pp. 459-464.   SLIM Habib, “Protection of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Emblems and the Repression of Misuse”, in IRRC, No. 272, September-October 1989, pp. 420-437